![]() It also contributes to the discussion about who the prehistoric mound builders were, and to the origin, at least in the maternal line, of a Charru´a Indian. The continuity of the lineage supports alternative perspectives about Uruguayan national identity and the meaning of the genocide, best labeled as ethnocide because of its consequences. The lineage appeared at least 1,600 years ago and is carried by approximately 0.7% of the modern Uruguayan population. ![]() In summary, we have found and described a new lineage that showscontinuity from prehistoric mound builders to the present population, through a representative of the extinct Charru´a Indians. The coding region, analyzed in modern individuals, was characterized by 12378T, while other mutations found were not common to all ofthem. Hypervariable region II showed the typical C1 mutations and 194T. The lineage was initially characterized by its HVRI sequence, having the four typical C1 mutations and adding 16051G and 16288C other mutations were also found: 16140C was found in all but the oldest individual, dated 1,610 years BP, while 16209C, 16422C, and 16519C were found only in some individuals. Several individuals carried the mutations that characterize this lineage: two from an archaeological mound located in the east of the country, the Charrua Indian chief Vaimaca Peru´ and five individuals from the present population. With the aim of adding elements to prove a possible population continuity, we studied a mitochondrial lineage, part of haplogroup C1, analyzing the complete genome of a modern Uruguayan individual and the hypervariable region I (HVRI) in prehistoric, historic, and contemporary individuals. However, the continuity between prehistoric, historic, and present populations remains unproved. Contradicting this national belief, genetic studies have shown a substantial Native contribution. "Uruguayan population has been considered as of European descent, as its Native populations victims of genocide apparently disappeared in the 19th century. This last finding is particularly important to understand Uruguayan prehistory and history, raising the debate about who the mound builders were, and showing continuity between them, historic Charrúa Indians, and present populations. ![]() Here we show that metric and morphological data as well as maternal inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable region I (HVRI) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), indicate a close relationship with Pampa-Patagonian Indians, and specially, with prehistoric Natives buried in mounds from eastern Uruguay. Peru’s morphology is coherent with the one of a nomadic warrior: robust body with strong muscular insertions, wounds, and healthy diet based mainly on meat. Before the burial, we performed morphological studies as well as extracted samples for DNA analysis. In 2002, the French government returned the remains to Uruguay, where they were buried with honours at the National Pantheon. The skeletal remains of Chief Perú were preserved and studied mainly by Rivet1 these are the only remains certainly identified as belonging to a Charrúa. In 1833, four survivors were taken to be exhibited and studied in France, becoming martyrs and a symbol of their nation. In the construction of National identity, the unique reference to Natives is about Charrúa Indians, one of the most important ethnic groups that lived in the territory and exterminated in the 1830s. ![]() Uruguay is the only Latin American country that at present lacks Native populations and little is known about its prehistoric populations.
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